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What is TMJ Ankylosis?
Ankylosis is the stiffening (immobility) or fixation (fusion) of the joint. Chronic, painless limitation of the movements of the joint occurs.
Intra-articular (true) ankylosis must be distinguished from extra-articular (false) ankylosis. False ankylosis may be caused by enlargement of the coronoid process, depressed fracture of the zygomatic arch, scarring from surgery, irradiation, infection, etc.
True ankylosis of the mandible is one of the most disturbing articular pathosis of TMJ, causing many psychological and physical disturbances. When the pathosis affects both the joints it completely inhibits the movements of the mandible, making chewing, swallowing and speech very difficult. The facial development is impaired resulting in retarded growth of the mandible. Since the condyle of the mandible is the growth center (area of bone growth) for the mandible, any disturbance in this region provokes a change in the development of the mandible. True bilateral congenital ankylosis of the TMJ leads to micrognathia or “bird face”. If ankylosis affects only one side, it produces a lateral deviation of the jaw to the non-affected side, due to the fact that this side continues its growth normally. Therefore the deformity becomes more evident on the normal side, with deficiency on the ankylosed side, causing a facial asymmetry.

What are the causes of TMJ Ankylosis?

• Trauma to the joint during an accident, fall etc
• Trauma during birth, forceps delivery etc
• Congenital or birth defect
• Disease or infection in the joint, ear infection etc
• Enlargement of the coronoid process
• Depressed fracture of the zygomatic arch, condylar neck fracture etc
• Surgery to or around the joint
• Rheumatoid arthritis
• Ankylotic conditions such as ankylosing spondylitis may also be inherited.
• Destruction of the joint cartilage

What are the problems associated with TMJ Ankylosis?
Problems associated with ankylosis of TMJ are manifold and can be Functional, Aesthetic (Cosmetic), Psychological (Emotional) or Social.
Ankylosis of Temporomandibular joint may result in:

• Restricted jaw movements
• Inadequate masticatory (chewing) function
• Restricted mouth opening
• Inhibited facial and physical growth
• Impaired speech
• Reduced growth of mandible resulting in “Bird Face”
• Facial asymmetry if only one side is affected
• Difficulty in breathing and swallowing
• Snoring and difficulty in sleeping on lying down
• Insufficient access for dental care resulting in multiple decayed teeth
• Misaligned teeth because of lack of space for the eruption of the normal component of teeth
• Other emotional, social and psychological disturbances.

What are the treatments for TMJ ankylosis?
Over the past few decades numerous treatment methods have been designed and developed by various surgeons for the correction of TMJ ankylosis.

1. Excision of ankylosis (gap arthroplasty)
2. Arthroplasty with or without autogenous, alloplastic or allogenic replacement
3. Condylectomy if the ankylosis is intra-articular or an osteotomy of a part of the ramus if the coronoid process and zygomatic arch are also affected.
4. Total condylectomy and joint replacement (autogenous, allogenic, alloplastic)
5. Myotomy
6. Coronoidectomy or coronoidotomy: This is the excision of the coronoid process of the mandible to release the temporalis muscle.